Introduction: Resolution as a Biological Principle
There’s more to health than simply fitness and nutrition. You already know that health also depends on your ability to adaptively respond to challenges. Whether the challenge is a virus, a physical injury, or a confrontational boss, biological systems always respond. Your immune system responds to infection. Inflammation responds to injury and the nervous system responds to threat. Without these responses, survival would be impossible.
Curiosly, there is another side to the story that receives far less attention. Health also depends on your ability to stop responding when the threat is gone. The immune system must “know” when the virus is defeated. The stress response must “know” when the danger has passed. Inflammation must “know” when it is no longer needed. In a sense, even a wound must “know” when healing is complete.
Health also depends on your ability to stop responding when the threat is gone.
In other words, health depends not only on the ability to activate biological responses, but also on the ability to bring those responses to an appropriate conclusion once their purpose has been served. This process is known as resolution.
For many years, we assumed that resolution happened automatically. Once an infection cleared, an injury healed, or a threat abated, it was believed that inflammation would simply fade away. We now know that this is not how biology works.
Instead, we have learnt that resolution is an active process governed by highly specialised biological mechanisms. These mechanisms clear debris, repair damaged tissue, restore normal function, and return the organism to a state of balance.
When resolution functions well, then recovery occurs. However, when it does not, then problems emerge. Inflammation persists and pain becomes chronic. Healing slows and the nervous system remains trapped in a state of threat. In otherr words, when resolution fails, then recovery is incomplete and symptoms persist.
Increasingly, researchers are discovering that many chronic diseases may reflect not only excessive activation of biological responses, but also a failure to bring those responses to an appropriate conclusion (Serhan et al., 2008; Serhan, 2014).
This idea has profound implications. It suggests that disease is often not simply an insufficient response to the initial trigger or a failure of activation. Sometimes the problem is that a biological response persists long after it has served its purpose.
Let’s think this through in detail. Get some tea and read on…
Table of Contents
- Introduction: Resolution as a Biological Principle
- The Missing Half of Inflammation
- Suppressing Inflammation vs Resolving Inflammation
- The Discovery of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators
- From Omega-3 to Resolution
- Resolution, Regulation, and Recovery
- Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Biological Housekeeping
- Why This Matters Clinically
- Why We Recommend SPM Active®
- Purchasing SPM Active®
- Selected References & Further Reading
The Missing Half of Inflammation
Inflammation is one of the body’s most important protective responses. When you sustain an injury, develop an infection, undergo surgery, or experience tissue damage, inflammation initiates the healing process. Immune cells are recruited to the affected area, invading organisms are destroyed, damaged tissue is removed, and repair mechanisms are activated.
What is often less appreciated is that the immune system responds not only to physical injury, but also to psychological stress, trauma, and emotional challenge. Chronic stress, psychological trauma, social isolation, caregiving burden, bereavement, and persistent emotional overwhelm have all been associated with measurable changes in immune function and inflammatory activity (Slavich & Irwin, 2014; Dantzer et al., 2008). From an evolutionary perspective, this makes sense. A brain that perceives danger prepares the body for challenge and the immune system is part of that response.
In other words, inflammation is not merely a response to damaged tissue. It is part of a broader biological imperative that governs our response to threat. Whether that threat arises from infection, physical injury, emotional pain, or prolonged psychological stress, the body activates a coordinated set of protective mechanisms designed to promote survival. Without these responses, healing and adaptation would be impossible.
For decades, however, scientists viewed inflammation as a relatively simple process. An injury occurred, inflammation began, and once the threat had passed, the inflammatory response gradually faded away, or so it was believed. We were wrong.
Research led by Charles Serhan and colleagues fundamentally changed this understanding. Their work demonstrated that resolution is not the passive fading of inflammation. Resolution is an active, highly coordinated biological programme governed by a specialised family of endogenous signalling molecules (Serhan et al., 2008; Serhan & Petasis, 2011).
This discovery transformed our understanding of the immune system.
The body does not simply switch off inflammation. Instead, it actively orchestrates a transition from defence and damage control toward repair, regeneration, debris clearance, and restoration of normal tissue function (Serhan, 2014). Recovery is a process, not a switch.
The distinction between initiation and resolution is critically important. The goal of a healthy immune system is not the absence of inflammation. The goal is appropriate inflammation. Too little inflammation impairs healing and weakens host defence. Too much inflammation damages healthy tissue. Equally problematic is inflammation that continues long after it has served its purpose.
The challenge is not activation. The challenge is regulation.
Suppressing Inflammation vs Resolving Inflammation
The emergence of resolution biology has introduced a subtle but important distinction into medicine.
Traditionally, many anti-inflammatory treatments have focused on reducing inflammatory activity. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Cox-2 inhibitors, for example, reduce the production of prostaglandins involved in pain, swelling, and inflammation. In many circumstances, these medications can be extremely effective and clinically valuable.
However, reducing inflammation and resolving inflammation are not necessarily the same thing. Resolution biology suggests that the goal should not simply be to suppress the inflammatory response, but to help the body bring that response to an appropriate conclusion once its purpose has been served.
This is an important distinction. Inflammation is not inherently harmful. It plays a critical role in defending the body against infection, responding to injury, and initiating tissue repair. Problems arise when inflammatory processes become excessive, poorly regulated, or persist long after they are needed.
Specialised pro-resolving mediators reflect a different biological philosophy. Rather than blocking inflammatory pathways, they participate in the active processes that coordinate the resolution phase of inflammation. They help orchestrate the transition from defence to repair, from tissue injury to tissue recovery, and from activation back to homeostasis (Serhan et al., 2008; Serhan & Levy, 2018).
This distinction reflects a broader principle that extends well beyond immunology. In many areas of medicine, the challenge is not simply how to stop a biological process. The challenge is how to help that process complete its work successfully and return the organism to a balanced allostatic state. That is the central idea underlying resolution biology.
The Discovery of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators
The discovery of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators represents one of the most important developments in modern immunology.
Scientists had long understood how inflammation begins. The signalling molecules responsible for activating immune responses had been studied extensively. What remained unclear was how the body brought those responses to an orderly conclusion.
The answer emerged through the work of Charles Serhan and colleagues, who identified an entirely new class of lipid signalling molecules derived from omega-3 fatty acids (Serhan et al., 2000; Serhan & Petasis, 2011). These molecules were not anti-inflammatory in the conventional sense. They did not simply block inflammatory pathways. Instead, they actively coordinated the resolution phase of inflammation. Collectively, these molecules became known as Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators.
Several families of SPMs have now been identified, including:
- Resolvins
- Protectins
- Maresins
- Lipoxins
Although each family possesses distinct biological properties, they share a common purpose: helping the body complete the inflammatory response and return to physiological balance (Serhan et al., 2015).
Importantly, SPMs do not appear to weaken immune function. On the contrary, studies suggest that they enhance many aspects of host defence while simultaneously reducing excessive inflammatory activity (Serhan & Levy, 2018; Basil & Levy, 2016). It is intriguing how the substances allow inflammation to do its work, and then when the job is done, they facilitate the transition to resolution.
This is one of the most fascinating aspects of resolution biology: The immune system does not become weaker. It becomes more efficient and better regulated. Inflammation is allowed to perform its protective role, while mechanisms responsible for clean-up, repair, regeneration, and recovery are strengthened.
Researchers sometimes describe SPMs as immunoresolvents rather than immunosuppressants (Basil & Levy, 2016). The distinction is important. Immunosuppression attempts to reduce the response, whereas resolution seeks to complete the response.
This shift in perspective has attracted enormous interest because it offers a fundamentally different way of thinking about chronic disease. Many therapeutic strategies focus on suppressing inflammatory pathways. Resolution biology suggests another possibility.
Some chronic diseases persist because the biological systems responsible for resolving inflammation are unable to complete their work. This concept has become known as a resolution deficit.
Reduced levels of SPMs and impaired resolution pathways have now been described across a wide range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, neurodegenerative disease, and chronic inflammatory disorders (Serhan, 2014; Brennan et al., 2021).
From Omega-3 to Resolution
If Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators are derived from omega-3 fatty acids, why not simply take a conventional fish oil supplement?
The answer lies in the distinction between precursors and signalling molecules.
Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), serve as the raw materials from which the body manufactures Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators. Through a series of enzymatic steps, EPA and DHA are converted into resolvins, protectins, and maresins—the signalling molecules directly involved in orchestrating resolution (Serhan & Petasis, 2011).
Omega-3 fatty acids are therefore the precursors. SPMs are the resolution signals. An analogy may be helpful.
Suppose you wish to build a house. Bricks, timber, cement, and steel are all essential, but they are not the finished house. Similarly, EPA and DHA provide the building materials from which the body can manufacture Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators. The SPMs themselves are the biologically active molecules that participate directly in the regulation and resolution of inflammation.
This distinction becomes particularly relevant because not everybody appears to generate or utilise these mediators with equal efficiency. Ageing, chronic disease, metabolic dysfunction, persistent inflammation, and other physiological stresses may influence SPM production and signalling (Serhan, 2014; Brennan et al., 2021).
This has led to growing scientific interest in resolution biology and in approaches that may support these pathways more directly. SPM Active® is one such approach. Unlike conventional fish oil supplements, which primarily provide EPA and DHA, SPM Active® contains a concentrated marine lipid fraction standardized to 18-HEPE and 17-HDHA, bioactive lipid mediators that participate in the body’s resolution pathways and serve as precursors to several Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators.
For this reason, SPM Active® should not be viewed simply as another fish oil supplement. Fish oil provides the raw materials. SPM Active® provides the downstream signalling molecules that participate directly in the biology of resolution.
Importantly, this does not diminish the value of omega-3 nutrition. Omega-3 fatty acids remain essential for brain health, cardiovascular function, and healthy immune regulation. Rather, it highlights a broader biological principle.
Providing the ingredients is valuable. Supporting the signalling systems that coordinate how those ingredients are used is also important. Recent human studies have demonstrated that supplementation with SPM-enriched marine oils can increase circulating SPM concentrations and alter immune-cell behaviour in ways consistent with enhanced resolution biology (Souza et al., 2020).
The science of resolution is therefore no longer confined to laboratory theory. Increasingly, it is becoming possible to observe measurable biological changes in humans.
Resolution, Regulation, and Recovery
The most important lesson from SPM biology extends far beyond inflammation and illustrates a broader principle in physiology:
Health depends not only on the ability to activate responses, but also on the ability to regulate and resolve those responses appropriately once their purpose has been served (Serhan, 2014).
This principle appears repeatedly throughout biology. The immune system must know when inflammation is complete. The stress response must know when danger has passed. The autonomic nervous system must know when mobilisation is no longer required. The brain must be able to shift from defence and survival toward repair, learning, and recovery.
Disease is often less a failure to initiate biological responses than a failure to terminate, regulate, and resolve them appropriately. In the immune system, that failure may manifest as chronic inflammation. In the nervous system, it may appear as persistent activation of stress-response systems. In the brain, it may contribute to impaired resilience, impaired recovery, and diminished neuroplasticity. The details differ, but the underlying pattern is remarkably similar.
This is one of the reasons resolution biology resonates so strongly with our broader Neuroharmonics framework. We do not believe that healing can be forced. Rather, we believe that recovery emerges when the biological, emotional, cognitive, and social conditions that support healthy self-regulation are restored.
Resolution biology therefore provides a useful model for understanding health more generally. Whether we are discussing the immune system, the nervous system, emotional regulation, or recovery from neurological injury, the goal is rarely to suppress function. The goal is to restore regulatory flexibility.
From this perspective, SPMs are more than molecules involved in inflammation. They are part of one of the body’s fundamental systems of regulation and recovery.
Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Biological Housekeeping
One of the most intriguing applications of resolution biology is found in the study of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease. Could impaired resolution contribute to cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer’s disease?
MCI is often considered an intermediate stage between normal ageing and dementia. Not everyone with MCI develops Alzheimer’s disease, but it is recognised as one of the most important risk states for future cognitive decline.
For many years, Alzheimer’s disease research focused primarily on the accumulation of abnormal proteins within the brain, particularly amyloid-β and tau. While understanding the mechanisms underlying accumulation remains important, an equally important question has emerged:
Why do these proteins accumulate in the first place? Part of the answer may lie in the brain’s housekeeping systems.
The healthy brain is not a static organ. Throughout life, specialised immune cells continuously monitor the nervous system, removing damaged proteins, clearing cellular debris, and maintaining the delicate environment required for normal brain function. This process is often compared to housekeeping or waste management. Just as a city remains functional because rubbish is continuously removed, the brain relies upon efficient systems of surveillance, clearance, repair, and renewal.
When these systems function effectively, potentially harmful material is identified and removed. When they begin to fail, debris accumulates.
One of the most fascinating observations in Alzheimer’s disease research is that immune cells from individuals with MCI and Alzheimer’s disease frequently show impaired ability to engulf and remove amyloid-β, a process known as phagocytosis (Fiala et al., 2015). Rather than simply producing too much amyloid, the brain is also struggling to clear it.
This represents an important shift in perspective. The problem may not be solely one of protein accumulation. It may also be a problem of impaired clearance, impaired repair, and impaired resolution. Researchers have therefore become increasingly interested in the factors that influence immune-cell behaviour within the brain. This is where SPMs become particularly interesting.
Experimental studies have shown that resolvins can influence the behaviour of macrophages and microglia, encouraging a shift away from persistent inflammatory activation and toward a more reparative, debris-clearing state (Mizwicki et al., 2013; Fiala et al., 2015). These changes have been associated with enhanced amyloid-β phagocytosis and improved regulation of inflammatory signalling pathways. (Technically speaking, SPMs change the phenotypic expression of macrophages from M1 (initiating inflammation) to M2 (resolving inflammation.)
Perhaps the most compelling findings come from studies of individuals with MCI. Fiala and colleagues demonstrated that SPM supplementation increased Resolvin D1 levels, improved amyloid-β phagocytosis, and altered inflammatory gene expression toward a more physiologically regulated state. Importantly, these effects were most evident in individuals with MCI rather than established Alzheimer’s disease (Fiala et al., 2015). (Much like as occurs with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors commonly used to treat dementia, there is a window of opportunity in the early stages of neurodegeneration.)
These findings do not mean that SPMs prevent Alzheimer’s disease, nor do they demonstrate a cure. No one is expecting that. Rather, they demonstrate that by modifying resolution pathways in humans, the immune system can function more effectively.
Furthermore, those modifications are associated with measurable biological effects that are directly relevant to neurodegeneration. Improving the ability of immune cells to remove amyloid-β could prove to be highly clinically significant. The field has moved beyond theoretical discussions of inflammation to demonstrating observable changes in immune function and cellular housekeeping.
Additional experimental work has produced similarly intriguing findings. Animal studies have demonstrated improvements in memory, reductions in neuroinflammation, and restoration of healthier neural network function following interventions designed to enhance resolution pathways (Bazan, 2009; Emre et al., 2022).
Overall, these findings suggest that Alzheimer’s disease may involve more than the accumulation of pathological proteins. It may also reflect a gradual failure of the biological systems responsible for maintenance, repair, and recovery. We know that neuroinflammation is an important contributor to disease progression, and there is growing interest in understanding how impaired resolution pathways may influence this process.
From this perspective, Alzheimer’s disease is not simply a disorder of memory. I would suggest that it is better viewed as a disorder of regulation, involving impaired cellular housekeeping, neuroinflammation, and disrupted mechanisms of repair and recovery.
That realisation is one of the reasons resolution biology has generated so much interest within the fields of ageing, cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, and brain health.
Why This Matters Clinically
The concept of resolution extends far beyond Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers have identified evidence of impaired resolution pathways across a remarkably diverse range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, chronic pain, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, asthma, chronic kidney disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders (Serhan, 2014; Brennan et al., 2021).
At first glance, these conditions appear entirely unrelated. Different organs are affected, different symptoms emerge, and different medical specialists become involved. Yet many of these conditions share a common biological theme:
The body’s ability to initiate a response remains intact, but its ability to successfully complete that response may become impaired.
This idea is particularly relevant to many of the patients we encounter at Ormond Neuroscience. Following a stroke, traumatic brain injury, viral illness, prolonged stress exposure, chronic pain condition, or neurodegenerative process, biological systems often become trapped in maladaptive states. Recovery slows and symptoms persist. Functional improvement becomes more difficult to achieve. The reasons are often complex and multifactorial.
Nevertheless, a growing body of research suggests that supporting the biological processes responsible for repair, adaptation, recovery and regulation may be just as important as suppressing the processes responsible for damage.
Resolution biology represents a shift away from asking:
“How do we block this process?”
toward asking:
“How do we help the body resolve this process successfully?”
The same thinking informs Neuroharmonics, the primary treatment programme we use at Ormond Neuroscience to support brain recovery and optimisation. The fundamental principle is about restoring the brain’s regulatory capacity.
That is a fundamentally different therapeutic philosophy—one that focuses not simply on suppressing symptoms, but on restoring the biological conditions that allow recovery to emerge. That’s the key!
Why We Recommend SPM Active®
At Ormond Neuroscience, we are selective about the supplements we recommend.
Some supplements promise more than they deliver. Some are built upon simplistic biological theories. Others are supported by little more than marketing claims.
Our interest in SPM Active® arises for a different reason. It is rooted in the biology of resolution and backed by powerful science. Throughout this article we have explored a recurring theme: health depends not only on the ability to respond, but also on the ability to recover. The immune system must know when to stop fighting and begin repairing. The nervous system must know when to leave a state of threat and return to safety. The brain must be able to reorganise, adapt, and restore equilibrium following injury, illness, or stress.
In other words, health depends upon regulatory capacity.
We do not attempt to force the brain to heal. We seek to create the conditions under which healthy self-regulation can emerge.
Exercise, sleep optimisation, cognitive rehabilitation, emotional regulation, social connection, nutritional support, and vagus nerve stimulation all influence the brain’s capacity to restore balance and function. SPM Active® fits naturally within this framework.
Rather than simply suppressing inflammation, Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators support the biological processes responsible for bringing inflammation to an appropriate conclusion. They facilitate the transition from defence to repair, from damage control to recovery, and from persistent activation toward restored equilibrium.
Importantly, the science of resolution is no longer confined to theoretical biology. Human studies have demonstrated increases in circulating SPM concentrations, changes in immune-cell behaviour, enhanced phagocytosis, altered inflammatory signalling, and improvements in a range of biological processes relevant to health and disease (Souza et al., 2020; Fiala et al., 2015).
Many important questions remain unanswered, and further research is undoubtedly required. However, we believe the evidence has progressed well beyond simple speculation. For this reason, SPM Active® has become a regular part of our clinical toolbox. We frequently recommend it alongside broader interventions designed to support brain health, resilience, recovery, and healthy ageing.
We recommend SPM Active® particularly when inflammation, pain, impaired recovery, neuroinflammation, chronic stress physiology or poor tissue repair appear to be part of the clinical picture. It is not a cure-all, and it is not a replacement for appropriate medical care. But as part of a broader treatment programme focused on restoring regulatory capacity, it makes compelling biological sense.
SPM Active® is one of the few products we use regularly because it is consistent with a modern, systems-based understanding of health: the goal is not to force the body into symptom silence, but to support the biological processes that enable recovery, adaptation, and self-regulation.
Purchasing SPM Active®
If you are interested in learning more about SPM Active® or incorporating it into your health programme, it can be purchased directly through our Metagenics online dispensary.
We recommend SPM Active® because we believe the science of inflammation resolution is both compelling and clinically relevant. While no supplement is a substitute for appropriate medical care, nutrition, exercise, sleep, or other healthy lifestyle practices, SPM Active® represents one of the most scientifically interesting approaches currently available for supporting the body’s natural mechanisms of repair, regulation, and recovery.
For transparency, Ormond Neuroscience receives a commission when products are purchased through our dispensary. This does not affect the price you pay. We choose to stock and recommend products that we believe have genuine scientific merit and that align with our broader philosophy of supporting health through evidence-based interventions.
To learn more or place an order, please visit our Metagenics dispensary:
If you would like guidance regarding whether SPM Active® may be appropriate for your circumstances, please contact Ormond Neuroscience. We are always happy to discuss how SPM Active® fits within a broader programme focused on recovery, resilience, and long-term brain health.
Selected References & Further Reading
Understanding Resolution Biology
Serhan, C. N. (2014). Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology. Nature, 510(7503), 92–101.
Serhan, C. N. (2017). Treating inflammation and infection in the 21st century: New hints from decoding resolution mediators and mechanisms. The FASEB Journal, 31(4), 1273–1288.
Serhan, C. N., Chiang, N., & Van Dyke, T. E. (2008). Resolving inflammation: Dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nature Reviews Immunology, 8(5), 349–361.
Serhan, C. N., Clish, C. B., Brannon, J., Colgan, S. P., Chiang, N., & Gronert, K. (2000). Novel functional sets of lipid-derived mediators with antiinflammatory actions generated from omega-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase 2–nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and transcellular processing. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 192(8), 1197–1204.
Journal of Experimental Medicine
Serhan, C. N., & Levy, B. D. (2018). Resolvins in inflammation: Emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 128(7), 2657–2669.
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Serhan, C. N., & Petasis, N. A. (2011). Resolvins and protectins in inflammation resolution. Chemical Reviews, 111(10), 5922–5943.
Resolution, Tissue Repair, and Recovery
Basil, M. C., & Levy, B. D. (2016). Specialized pro-resolving mediators: Endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(1), 51–67.
Dalli, J., & Serhan, C. N. (2016). Macrophage proresolving mediators—the when and where. Microbiology Spectrum, 4(3), MCHD-0001-2014.
Serhan, C. N., Dalli, J., Colas, R. A., Winkler, J. W., & Chiang, N. (2015). Protectins and maresins: New pro-resolving families of mediators in acute inflammation and resolution bioactive metabolome. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1851(4), 397–413.
Serhan, C. N., Dalli, J., Karamnov, S., Choi, A., Park, C. K., Xu, Z.-Z., Ji, R.-R., Zhu, M., & Petasis, N. A. (2012). Macrophage proresolving mediator maresin 1 stimulates tissue regeneration and controls pain. The FASEB Journal, 26(4), 1755–1765.
Brain Health, Neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Bazan, N. G. (2009). Neuroprotectin D1-mediated anti-inflammatory and survival signaling in stroke, retinal degenerations, and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Lipid Research, 50(Suppl.), S400–S405.
Emre, C., Arroyo-García, L. E., Do, K. V., Jun, B., Ohshima, M., Alcalde, S. G., Cothern, M. L., Maioli, S., Nilsson, P., Hjorth, E., Fisahn, A., Bazan, N. G., & Schultzberg, M. (2022). Intranasal delivery of pro-resolving lipid mediators rescues memory and gamma oscillation impairment in AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice. Communications Biology, 5, 245.
Fiala, M., Terrando, N., & Dalli, J. (2015). Specialized pro-resolving mediators from omega-3 fatty acids improve amyloid-β phagocytosis and regulate inflammation in patients with minor cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 48(2), 293–301.
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
Mizwicki, M. T., Liu, G., Fiala, M., Magpantay, L., Sayre, J., Siani, A., Mahanian, M., Weitzman, R., Hayden, E. Y., Rosenthal, M. J., Nemere, I., Ringman, J., & Teplow, D. B. (2013). 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and resolvin D1 retune the balance between amyloid-β phagocytosis and inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 34(1), 155–170.
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
Human Studies and Clinical Translation
Callan, N., Hanes, D., & Bradley, R. (2020). Early evidence of efficacy for orally administered SPM-enriched marine lipid fraction on quality of life and pain in a sample of adults with chronic pain. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18, 401.
Journal of Translational Medicine
Souza, P. R., Marques, R. M., Gomez, E. A., Colas, R. A., De Matteis, R., Zak, A., Patel, M., Collier, D. J., & Dalli, J. (2020). Enriched marine oil supplements increase peripheral blood specialized pro-resolving mediators concentrations and reprogram host immune responses: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Circulation Research, 126(1), 75–90.
Resolution Biology in Chronic Disease
Brennan, E. P., Kantharidis, P., Cooper, M. E., & Godson, C. (2021). Pro-resolving lipid mediators: Regulators of inflammation, metabolism and kidney function. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 17(11), 725–739.
Han, Y.-H., Lee, K., Saha, A., Han, J., Choi, H., Noh, M., Lee, Y.-H., & Lee, M.-O. (2021). Specialized proresolving mediators for therapeutic interventions targeting metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 29(5), 455–464.
